Variables Definitions

1. Odds Ratio: The odds ratio is a measure of the association between exposure and outcome in epidemiological studies. It represents the odds of an event occurring in one group compared to the odds of it occurring in another group.
2. Cohen's (d): Cohen's (d) is a standardized measure of the effect size that represents the difference between two group means in standard deviation units. It provides a common scale for comparing effect sizes across different studies or experiments.

Conversion Formula

The conversion from odds ratio to Cohen's (d) is performed using the following formula:

Where:

• ln is the natural logarithm function.
• π is the mathematical constant representing the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter.

**Formula Reference - Sánchez-Meca et al**